THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON
PART II: DEFINITION AND MEANING
IN THIS SECTION
2.1: Definition and Meaning
2.2a: Parts of Speech
2.2b: Types of Words
2.3a: Translating the Untranslatable
2.3b: Translating Creativity and Words
2.4: Naming Conventions
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2.1: Definition and Meaning
2.2a: Parts of Speech
2.2b: Types of Words
2.3a: Translating the Untranslatable
2.3b: Translating Creativity and Words
2.4: Naming Conventions
THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON >> HOME >> INDEX
Download the Complete Lexicon
Part 2.2a: Parts of Speech
PARTS OF SPEECH - is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar syntactic behavior—they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences—and sometimes similar morphology in that they undergo inflection for similar properties.
In this Section
ADJECTIVES - modify or describe either a noun or pronoun. They answer questions such as what kind, how many, and which one. Adjectives normally precede nouns or pronouns, except in sentences that contain linking verbs. If the adjective is strong enough, it can produce the tone or image you were hoping for, but if you need more than three adjectives in a sentence, in fact, you just need a better noun.
ADVERBS- modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They usually do this by telling how, where, why, when, under what conditions, and to what degree. Most often, you can add -ly to an adjective and make it an adverb. There are also various characteristics that apply to adverbs, such as conjunctive adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs are those adverbs that function as both adverbs and conjunctions. Good examples of conjunctive adverbs include besides, likewise, and accordingly. Adverbs can also be categorized in the following types:
CONJUNCTIONS - The purpose of a conjunction is to join phrases, clauses, or words. There are three different types of conjunctions, which describe the relationship between the joined elements. These are described here:
DETERMINERS - are modifying words that determine the type of reference either a noun or a noun group has; for example, determiners are words such as the, every, and a. Called noun modifiers, determiners provide additional information about the noun by the use of quantifiers, articles, interrogatives, demonstratives, and possessives. There are numerous types of determiners, which are used to indicate definiteness, proximity, quantity, and questions that a particular noun has. They are generally placed before the noun or noun phrases and express the feeling of the speaker regarding the specific thing or person. Determiners can have different meanings and even different purposes within the sentence. They are used to clarify a noun or noun phrase, and they determine whether a certain noun is specific or unspecific. Determiners that have different meanings that are important within the sentence.
INTERJECTIONS (Exclamations) - These are words that are meant to express various levels of surprise or emotion. They are usually viewed as grammatically independent from the main sentence. Most often, interjections stand alone and are punctuated with an exclamation point (My goodness!), although some mild interjections can be found within a sentence and are set off by commas (Well, it’s about time you woke up).
NOUNS - A noun is a word that symbolizes a person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter and include names of countries and people, although this is not the same for common nouns. When nouns are used to show possession, the phrase ‘s is added to the word. Nouns can also be either concrete, abstract, singular, or plural, and they can function in various roles within the same sentence. For example, nouns can be subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, the object of a preposition, or a subject complement.
PREPOSITIONS - Commonly found in the English language, prepositions are not flashy, and, in fact, they are often small words. Words such as on, unlike, and in are prepositions. If you combine a preposition with a noun or pronoun, in that order, you get a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases usually tell when or where, or they can show the relationship of something such as time or location. With prepositions, you can talk about the way two parts of a sentence are related to one another.
PRONOUNS - are words that are used in place of a noun. They are usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. There are also different types of pronouns, as described below. Personal pronouns refer to specific things or persons.
VERBS - always express action or being. There is always the main verb in every sentence, and there can also be one or more helping verbs. In the sentence, “she can paint,” paint is the main verb and can is the helping verb. All verbs have to agree with their subject in number, in other words, both have to be plural or both will be singular. Verbs also take different forms in order to express tense. There are also various types of verbs, described below.
In this Section
- ADJECTIVES
- ADVERBS
- CONJUNCTIONS
- DETERMINERS
- INTERJECTIONS (Exclamations)
- NOUNS
- PREPOSITIONS
- PRONOUNS
- VERBS
ADJECTIVES - modify or describe either a noun or pronoun. They answer questions such as what kind, how many, and which one. Adjectives normally precede nouns or pronouns, except in sentences that contain linking verbs. If the adjective is strong enough, it can produce the tone or image you were hoping for, but if you need more than three adjectives in a sentence, in fact, you just need a better noun.
- ARTICLE ADJECTIVES: articles include words such as the, an, and a. They answer the question, which one, and they modify a noun or pronoun. They do this by limiting reference to a known or particular thing, either plural or singular.
- DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: these adjectives answer the question, which one? These are the only types of adjectives that have both a plural and a singular form. Demonstrative adjectives point to previously or particular named things.
- DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES: these are detailed adjectives that conjure up certain feelings, tones, and images. Most descriptive adjectives have hyphens in them, although if they follow the noun or they are compound adjectives, they do not.
- INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES: these adjectives include the words all, few, several, some, any, and many.
- POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: these adjectives answer the question, whose?
- QUESTIONING ADJECTIVES: these adjectives modify a noun or pronoun and include words such as which or what.
ADVERBS- modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They usually do this by telling how, where, why, when, under what conditions, and to what degree. Most often, you can add -ly to an adjective and make it an adverb. There are also various characteristics that apply to adverbs, such as conjunctive adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs are those adverbs that function as both adverbs and conjunctions. Good examples of conjunctive adverbs include besides, likewise, and accordingly. Adverbs can also be categorized in the following types:
- POSITIVE ADVERBS: their main characteristic is that they have the presence, not an absence, of distinguishing characteristics.
- COMPARATIVE ADVERBS: adverbs that judge or measure by estimating either the similarity or the dissimilarity between one thing and another.
- SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS: describe the highest quality or degree of something.
CONJUNCTIONS - The purpose of a conjunction is to join phrases, clauses, or words. There are three different types of conjunctions, which describe the relationship between the joined elements. These are described here:
- COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: link elements of equal value. There are seven different coordinating conjunctions, which can be remembered by the acronym FANBOY: for, and, nor, but, so, yet.
- CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: used in pairs, they establish a specific relationship between elements of equal value.
- SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: indicate that one of the elements is of lesser value than another element. In other words, it is subordinate to the other element.
DETERMINERS - are modifying words that determine the type of reference either a noun or a noun group has; for example, determiners are words such as the, every, and a. Called noun modifiers, determiners provide additional information about the noun by the use of quantifiers, articles, interrogatives, demonstratives, and possessives. There are numerous types of determiners, which are used to indicate definiteness, proximity, quantity, and questions that a particular noun has. They are generally placed before the noun or noun phrases and express the feeling of the speaker regarding the specific thing or person. Determiners can have different meanings and even different purposes within the sentence. They are used to clarify a noun or noun phrase, and they determine whether a certain noun is specific or unspecific. Determiners that have different meanings that are important within the sentence.
INTERJECTIONS (Exclamations) - These are words that are meant to express various levels of surprise or emotion. They are usually viewed as grammatically independent from the main sentence. Most often, interjections stand alone and are punctuated with an exclamation point (My goodness!), although some mild interjections can be found within a sentence and are set off by commas (Well, it’s about time you woke up).
NOUNS - A noun is a word that symbolizes a person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter and include names of countries and people, although this is not the same for common nouns. When nouns are used to show possession, the phrase ‘s is added to the word. Nouns can also be either concrete, abstract, singular, or plural, and they can function in various roles within the same sentence. For example, nouns can be subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, the object of a preposition, or a subject complement.
PREPOSITIONS - Commonly found in the English language, prepositions are not flashy, and, in fact, they are often small words. Words such as on, unlike, and in are prepositions. If you combine a preposition with a noun or pronoun, in that order, you get a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases usually tell when or where, or they can show the relationship of something such as time or location. With prepositions, you can talk about the way two parts of a sentence are related to one another.
PRONOUNS - are words that are used in place of a noun. They are usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. There are also different types of pronouns, as described below. Personal pronouns refer to specific things or persons.
- POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS always indicate ownership. They replace possessive nouns but never contain apostrophes.
- DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS identify, refer to, or point to nouns. They always indicate specific persons, places, or things, and can refer also to an abstract noun idea.
- RELATIVE PRONOUNS are there to introduce a subordinate clause. Relative pronouns begin a clause which refers to a noun within a sentence. A clause is a word group that has its own subject and verb. “Who” begins a clause that refers to people; “that” might refer to either persons or things; and “which” begins clauses referring to things.
- INDEFINITE PRONOUNS refer to general persons, places or things. They are third-person pronouns that may be used as either objects or subjects when used in sentences, and they can be singular or plural.
VERBS - always express action or being. There is always the main verb in every sentence, and there can also be one or more helping verbs. In the sentence, “she can paint,” paint is the main verb and can is the helping verb. All verbs have to agree with their subject in number, in other words, both have to be plural or both will be singular. Verbs also take different forms in order to express tense. There are also various types of verbs, described below.
- ACTION VERBS: action verbs tell what the subject does. They express either mental or physical activity, and some of them seem more active than others.
- AUXILIARY VERBS: these verbs express grammatical meaning.
- HELPING VERBS: these verbs essentially fine-tune the meaning of the main verb. They usually express when something occurred. When you refer to the main verb plus all of its helping verbs, that is called the complete verb. Verbs also have three separate forms, present (simple) form, past form, and participle form.
- LEXICAL VERBS: also called a full verb, these verbs usually represent a state, action, and other predicate meanings. It represents a contact word, not a function word.
- LINKING VERBS: these are verbs without much action. They usually connect a subject with more details on the subject and tells what the subject is, not what it does. In other words, they express a state of being.
THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON IS PART OF A
SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
A collection of Vocabulary Words & Terms By Kai of www.bykairos.com
The Collection Includes:
A Beautiful Word: Web | Download (beautiful words)
The Logophile Lexicon: Web | Book (words about words)
Defining New Ideas: Web | Book (creativity & design)
Defining the Brain: Web | Downloads (terms of the mind)
INTRODUCTION | TOPIC INDEX | DOWNLOAD
www.logophilelexicon.com
SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
A collection of Vocabulary Words & Terms By Kai of www.bykairos.com
The Collection Includes:
A Beautiful Word: Web | Download (beautiful words)
The Logophile Lexicon: Web | Book (words about words)
Defining New Ideas: Web | Book (creativity & design)
Defining the Brain: Web | Downloads (terms of the mind)
INTRODUCTION | TOPIC INDEX | DOWNLOAD
www.logophilelexicon.com